While the acclimation of physiological processes most commonly occurs within a generation, parental effects on offspring that are not driven specifically by offspring genotype can influence stress acclimation between generations.
It is well documented that environmental factors can either positively or negatively influence the reproductive fitness of both maternal and paternal parents and that this can determine if their offspring live or die, especially if they are to develop in a stressful environment 2. With respect to the early life stages of many animals, the first and most critical interactions are with their parents. The phenotype of an animal is not only influenced by its genotype and the physical environment in which it lives, but also by interactions with other organisms 1. chloroticus, but imply that a short-term inherited resilience against oxidative stress may not necessarily translate to a fitness or survival gain. Overall, results document evidence for maternal transfer of antioxidant potential in E. Abnormal embryonic development was largely independent of oxidative damage, remaining high in all embryo populations regardless of parental PAH-history. Maternal exposure history enhanced the capacity of embryos to minimise oxidative damage to lipids and proteins following exposure to additional PAHs, but provided less of an advantage in protection against oxidative DNA damage. In addition, early stage offspring reflected maternal antioxidant status, with progeny derived from exposed females demonstrating significantly higher baselines than those derived from control females. Antioxidant enzymes were upregulated and oxidative lipid and protein damage to gonad tissues occurred. PAH-exposed adults exhibited total gonad tissue concentrations of PAHs in excess of 4 and 5 times baseline levels, for females and males respectively. Our study aimed to establish correlations between oxidative stress biomarkers and key reproductive fitness parameters in the temperate sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus following exposure to dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). One mechanism of pollution resistance in marine populations is through transgenerational plasticity, whereby offspring capacity to resist pollution reflects parental exposure history.
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